CAMLPR Chemistry Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Which urine finding is most consistent with nephrotic syndrome?
• CSF findings: Glucose 1.2 mmol/L, Protein 0.80 g/L, Lactate 3.0 mmol/L. Most likely diagnosis?
• When can LDL not be calculated?
• Iron status is associated with which finding?
• Which analyte is affected by icterus?
• Anemia or hemochromatosis is associated with which metal?
• In synovial fluid analysis, what does the string test assess?
• In synovial fluid analysis, what does a failure of the string test indicate?
• A patient with suspected diabetes has FBS 8.0 mmol/L, RBS 12.0 mmol/L, 2h OGTT 14.0 mmol/L. What is the diagnosis?
• Prolonged tourniquet application may cause a false increase in which analyte?
• A lipid panel was done for a patient with TCHOL 6.20 mmol/L, HDL 1.00 mmol/L, TRIG 6.00 mmol/L, LDL 4.30 mmol/L. Is this patient at risk?
• Which compound is ammonium biurate typically found in alkaline urine?
• In a standing plasma test, how do you know what analyte is what?
• Which analyte is tested on EDTA tubes such as HgA1C in non-serum samples?
• What analyte is monitored in treatment of manic-depressive, or bipolar, mental disorders?
• In diabetes mellitus, which urine analyte would be inc?
• Which methodologies use reflectance spectrophotometry, indicating the analyte is determined based on the angle of the light reflection?
• CA 15-3, CA 27.29 are tumor markers most commonly used to monitor which cancer?
• In Paget's disease, which enzyme marker is markedly elevated?
• If nephrotic syndrome is suspected, which analyte changes would be expected?
• If hypothyroidism is suspected, which analyte changes would you expect?
• What is the reference range for albumin (ALB) in plasma?
• A newborn has black pigmentation around the ears and eyes and black urine. This is indicative of which metabolic disorder?
• A patient with a sharp monoclonal spike in the gamma region, anemia-like symptoms, elevated ESR, very viscous plasma, and rouleaux in the CBC most likely has which condition?
• Which abbreviation is used for ammonia in the notes?
• How is glucose measured?
• Mercury exposure is most likely to cause which of the following?
• Which compound forms calcium carbonate in alkaline urine?
• Which analyte affected by hemolysis is a stress hormone?
• In acute pancreatitis, which enzyme is more specific for diagnosis?
• Urinalysis showing renal tubular epithelial cells with broad casts indicates which of the following?
• A patient being evaluated for suspected diabetes has FBS 6.5 mmol/L, RBS 9.7 mmol/L, and 2h OGTT 10.0 mmol/L. What is this?
• Which condition is associated with elevated CORT levels?
• A patient has GLU 8.9 mmol/L and Sweat Osmolality 70 mmol/L. What is the likely diagnosis?
• In serum protein electrophoresis, what is the correct top-to-bottom order of bands?
• In hepatic jaundice, which analyte is decreased?
• Which plasma protein is primarily involved in clot formation and is converted to fibrin during coagulation?
• What is the purpose of a sample or reagent blank?
• Which cast is most commonly seen in concentrated urine with minimal cellular material?
• In the osmolality calculation, which substance is multiplied by two?
• What is the reference range for serum TCO2?
• Which statement describes the recommended handling for Ca, Mg, PHOS testing in urine?
• Bilirubin testing in urine dipstick uses which reaction, and which interferences can occur?
• What is the normal range for random blood glucose?
• Which statement about albumin measurement bias using bromcresol Green is true?
• Which lipoprotein is reported as increased in coronary heart disease risk assessment?
• Which cast type is described as broad and waxy, often signaling long-standing urinary stasis?
• A patient has UREA: 10.0 mmol/L and CREA: 100 μmol/L. What is the most likely interpretation?
• A patient presents with severe gout, kidney problems, poor muscle control, and mild mental retardation along with high uric acid. What is the most likely disorder?
• In Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, which analytes would be ordered and what would be the expected results?
• In bile obstruction (post-hepatic jaundice), which analytes would be ordered and how would they be affected?
• A urinalysis shows Cloudy urine with Protein 2+, Leukocytes 3+, Nitrite Positive, pH 8.0, WBCs >50/hpf, Granular Casts Present, Bacteria Many. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Ion exchange chromatography separates components primarily by which property?
• Calcitonin effect on calcium levels?
• Which statement best differentiates iCAL from TCAL?
• A newborn with symptoms consistent with maple syrup urine disease; DNPH test shows yellow and amino acids leucine/isoleucine/valine high. What is the underlying enzyme deficiency?
• For magnesium testing, which statement is true about preanalytical handling?
• If glomerulonephritis is suspected, which analytes would be affected and how would they appear?
• A specimen has ALP ordered. Which factors could cause false results?
• Which method is used to measure osmolality when volatile substances are suspected?
• GGT ordered for a specimen. Which factor can cause incorrect results?
• CA 19-9 is most commonly elevated in cancer of which organ?
• How is UREA tested?
• When Amylase (AMY) is ordered on a specimen, which factor could cause a false result?
• Which statement best describes a hallmark metabolic abnormality in Fanconi's syndrome?
• Which amino acid is listed as found in acidic urine?
• Which thyroid function pattern indicates hyperthyroidism?
• Which acid is used to acidify urine for Ca, Mg, or PHOS testing?
• In suspected meningitis, which fluid would be examined to detect protein changes?
• Arsenic exposure is classically associated with which finding?
• Which of the following can cause a falsely decreased potassium result?
• Which anticoagulant is preferred for accurate phosphate measurement?
• During a Guthrie newborn screening for phenylketonuria, growth of Bacillus subtilis around the disk indicates which condition?
• A patient had a lipid panel with TCHOL 4.90 mmol/L, HDL 1.60 mmol/L, TRIG 1.40 mmol/L, LDL 3.30 mmol/L. Is this patient at risk?
• In suspected acute pancreatitis, which analytes would be ordered and how would they be affected?
• Which two syndromes show elevated unconjugated bilirubin with normal direct bilirubin?
• A patient presents with severe dehydration and a serum glucose of 50 mmol/L. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• Which analyte shows binaural variation with AM levels higher than PM levels?
• In a critically ill patient with TSH 2.0 mIU/L, FT4 8 pmol/L, FT3 1.5 pmol/L, what is the most likely diagnosis?
• A specimen has UREA ordered. What are potential interferences causing false results?
• Which compound is a calcium phosphate salt found in alkaline urine?
• A venous blood gas shows pH 7.52, Cl- 90 mmol/L, K+ 3.1 mmol/L, pCO2 48 mmHg, and pCO3 34 mmol/L. What is the presumptive diagnosis?
• If an air bubble is trapped in a venous blood gas, which pattern best describes the effect on analytes?
• Albumin measurement uses which approach with known biases?
• Which finding is most diagnostic of a urinary tract infection due to nitrate-reducing bacteria?
• Which serous fluid condition is suggested by turbid, bloody with TP > 30 g/L, PRO > 0.5 g/L, LDH > 0.6, CHOL > 1.2, SG > 1.015?
• A patient presents with blurred vision, extreme fatigue, numbness in hands, insatiable thirst, hunger, and polyuria with uOSMO 700 mOsm/kg and positive glucose in urine. What is the likely diagnosis?
• Which statement describes nephelometry?
• Which analyte is affected by lipemia/turbidity?
• In hemolytic anemia (pre-hepatic jaundice), which analytes would be ordered and how would they be affected?
• Which feature favors a transudate over an exudate in serous effusion?
• A patient presents with fatigue, back pain, and recurrent infections; labs show high calcium and a monoclonal spike by electrophoresis. What is the presumptive diagnosis?
• Which statement best describes the combined effects of PTH, calcitonin, and calcitriol on calcium homeostasis?
• In respiratory acidosis, which changes would be observed in the listed analytes?
• Which reagent detects white blood cells on a urine dipstick, and what can cause interference?
• Polydipsia and polyuria with serum Na 152 mmol/L, serum osmolality 310 mOsm/kg, urine Na 10 mmol/L, and urine osmolality 190 mOsm/kg indicate which disorder?
• LDL calculation is not possible when triglycerides are high due to presence of chylomicrons.
• Which Westguard rule among the following is used to indicate systemic error?
• In ethylene glycol poisoning, which calcium oxalate form is commonly found in urine?
• For a legal blood specimen, what must be avoided during disinfection?
• Which profile is expected when a patient is suspected of alcoholism?
• Which condition is most likely given extremely low GGT and ALP with TRIG 1.9 mmol/L and Ca2+ 2.95 mmol/L?
• Which statement best differentiates iCAL from TCAL?
• What is the reference range for serum phosphate?
• In nephrotic syndrome, which pattern is observed on electrophoresis?
• Which analyte is severely affected when contaminated with ammonia?
• Mee's lines are associated with poisoning by which metal?
• In IV contamination, which of the following best describes the expected results?
• Size exclusion chromatography separates components based on which property?
• Which finding indicates starch contamination in a urine sample?
• When Lipase (LIP) is ordered on a specimen, which factor could cause a false result?
• Which serum parameter is commonly elevated in diabetes mellitus and used for diagnostic assessment?
• Which test is used to confirm that synovial fluid is indeed synovial fluid by observing hyaluronic acid clot formation?
• Which diagnosis is most likely given WBC casts in urine and moderate bacteria?
• Which handling practice can cause a falsely decreased TCO2 result?
• For Conn's disease suspicion, which specimen shows a potassium change and in what direction?
• Which statement about amorphous urates in urine is true?
• Weight loss, increased appetite, tremor and goiter with labs showing TSH <0.01 mIU/L and FT4 38 pmol/L indicate which condition?
• What is turbidimetry?
• Which electrode is used to measure pO2?
• In hepatocellular liver disease, which analyte would be ordered and what would be the expected result?
• Which of the following is a hallmark metabolic abnormality in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
• Which finding in synovial fluid is most indicative of rheumatoid arthritis?
• Following a throat infection, a patient presents with facial puffiness and mild hypertension. Urinalysis shows red color, protein 1+, blood 3+, RBC casts present. What is the presumptive diagnosis?
• What is the reference range for total protein (TP) in plasma?
• Which crystal is characteristically seen in acidic urine and suggests a cystinuria disorder?
• Which analyte is affected by high pyruvate levels?
• In a 40-year-old patient who is obese with thirst, polyuria and uOSMO 800 mOsm/kg and urine pH 6.0, what is the likely diabetes type?
• Which element corresponds to leukocytes in urine?
• Which reaction detects urobilinogen on urine dipsticks?
• In suspected pyelonephritis, which analyte would be affected and how?
• RBC casts present in the urine and there is red urine; which condition is most suggested?
• Urine protein strip tests mainly react with albumin; what range is expected and what interferences can occur?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between accuracy and precision?
• Which factor could falsely increase the measured urobilinogen on a dipstick?
• Which substance is commonly described as triple phosphate appearing in alkaline urine?
• Which statement accurately describes diurnal variation of CORT?
• If a urine specimen cannot be analyzed promptly, what is the maximum recommended time for analysis at room temperature?
• Which of the following lists reflects the plasma/serum changes associated with Paget's disease?
• Which cast type is broad and waxy, commonly associated with chronic urinary stasis?
• Which pair correctly matches a cancer marker with its tissue?
• Which analyte shows a false increase with high triglyceride levels?
• What is the reference range of chloride in serum?
• Which substance causes abnormal electrophoretic reactions such as precipitation at low temperatures?
• A sample arrives with GLU 24.8 mmol/L, TP 33 g/L, Na 128 mmol/L, K 2.1 mmol/L. What is this indicative of?
• Describe how MALDI works.
• Granular Casts in urine sediment are most closely associated with which condition?
• Which abbreviation is used for alanine transaminase in the notes?
• Which statement best differentiates Paget's disease from Hodgkin's disease based on ALP and LDH?
• RBC casts are most indicative of damage to which part of the nephron?
• A newborn presents with liver damage and a urine succinylacetone test result greater than 600 umol/L. What does this indicate?
• What is a stimulation test?
• In compensated metabolic acidosis, which combination of analyte changes would you expect?
• Which CSF profile is most typical of bacterial meningitis?
• If a sample is to be shipped out to a reference lab, how should it be stored?
• Which analyte has a higher concentration in plasma than serum?
• A patient with markedly high platelets and white blood cells; what effect could this have on potassium measurements?
• Which element refers to squamous epithelial cells seen with bacterial vaginitis in urine?
• Which analyte is affected by icterus and is a cardiac biomarker?
• How does accuracy differ from precision?
• Which factor can cause falsely elevated potassium results?
• What is the reference range for potassium?
• In chromatography, adsorption chromatography is primarily based on which property?
• Which condition is associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (direct bilirubin) with normal indirect?
• Which serum parameter would be increased in diabetic ketoacidosis?
• Which of the following lists reflects the plasma/serum changes seen in suspected secondary hyperparathyroidism?
• Which serous fluid characteristics indicate a transudate?
• In suspected diabetic ketoacidosis, which urine analyte would be increased?
• Basophilic stippling with elevated ALA and FEP is most characteristic of exposure to which metal?
• Which crystal is most commonly associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?
• Potassium reference range is reported in which unit?
• Which immunoglobulin is typically elevated in Waldenström macroglobulinemia?
• Which practice can cause a false decrease in TCO2 if not managed?
• Which diagnosis is most consistent with BNP 130 ng/L and NT-proBNP 230 pg/mL?
• Which temperature should urine samples be stored at if analysis is delayed?
• In hepatic jaundice, which analytes would be ordered and what would be the expected results?
• LDH 630 U/L; CK 1500 U/L; CREA 130 umol/L; Urinalysis: BLOOD 1+. What is the suspected diagnosis?
• Which analyte is affected by icterus and is a gonadal hormone?
• In Addison's disease with hyponatremia, what would you expect about serum osmolality?
• GGT: 2 U/L; ALP: 15 U/L; TRIG: 1.9 mmol/L; Ca2+: 2.95 mmol/L; Mg: 3.00 mmol/L. What is the likely cause?
• In suspected acute pancreatitis, which enzyme is the gold standard for diagnosis?
• Which enzyme is commonly used to differentiate pancreatitis from other conditions in laboratory testing?
• Anion gap 20 mmol/L with pH 7.18 and HCO3- 14 suggests which pattern?
• In MS suspicion, which analyte increases?
• What treatment is given for diabetes, and what could happen if left untreated?
• How is serum osmolality calculated?
• What is a suppression test?
• If a specimen has K+ ordered, which of the following constitutes the comprehensive set of pre-analytical factors that can cause improper results?
• A sweat osmolality of 70 mmol/L supports which diagnosis?
• Which hematology-based disorder could be correlated to low serum iron?
• Which action best prevents electrode malfunction in samples with high protein content?
• Which other analyte is affected by high triglyceride levels besides chloride?
• What is the reference range for serum sodium?
• Which substance is calcium carbonate detected in alkaline urine?
• Urinalysis with GLU 2+, PRO 1+, KET 3+ in the context of hyperglycemia and acidosis most strongly suggests which condition?
• Which hormone raises blood glucose levels by increasing gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources)?
• In a lipemic sample measured for Na+ by indirect ISE, the reported Na+ is most likely which artifact?
• The pattern of Serum CORT decreased, Na+ low, K+ high, urine osmolality high suggests which condition?
• If you get an arterial blood gas and glucose is ordered, how will it differ from serum glucose levels?
• Presence of WBC casts in urine most strongly suggests which condition?
• Glycosuria (glucose in urine) is most commonly associated with which condition?
• For suspected Vitamin D deficiency, which two analytes are ordered and how would they appear?
• Which marker would be used to screen for prostate cancer?
• LDH: 600 U/L; CK: 400 U/L; AST: 85 U/L. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which is NOT a reported analytical concern for lipid measurements?
• Which urinary sediment element is typically a clear, colorless cast composed mainly of Tamm-Horsfall protein?
• Which urinary cast type is often clear and may be seen with proteinuria, despite being relatively protein-poor?
• Which statement best describes the difference between Paget's disease and Hodgkin's disease regarding ALP and LDH?
• Which potassium values are considered critical?
• In suspected meningitis, which analyte would be ordered and how would it appear in CSF?
• A dipstick showing 4+ protein in urine most likely indicates what finding in a general clinical setting?
• Which demyelinating disease of the central nervous system commonly presents with optic neuritis and a relapsing-remitting course?
• The presence of which organism in the urine is most closely associated with vaginitis?
• Which disorder typically presents with a sharp monoclonal spike in the gamma region and hyperviscosity?
• In the Biuret method for total protein, what is formed when peptide bonds react with copper II sulfate under alkaline conditions?
• Which set of analyte changes would you expect for liver cirrhosis (hepatic jaundice)?
• In obstructive jaundice, which urinalysis finding would you expect?
• What is the role of the Parathyroid Hormone?
• To prevent false analysis when Na+ and Cl- are ordered, which precaution is recommended?
• Which enzyme is used to measure glucose in urine strips, and what interference can cause a false positive?
• Which diagnostic test result most strongly supports cystic fibrosis in this context?
• After acidification, how long should the urine sit before testing Ca/Mg/PHOS?
• Urinalysis shows glucose 2+, protein 1+, ketones 3+ in a patient with elevated glucose. Which condition is most supported by these findings?
• In specimen handling, which condition can cause a false decrease in the measured analyte if the sample is not kept on ice slurry?
• Which analyte is affected by high glucose levels?
• Freezing point depression is used to measure osmolality when volatile substances are suspected. Which statement describes the method?
• Which hormone lowers blood glucose by increasing glycolysis (glucose breakdown)?
• Which urine finding is expected in suspected renal failure for mALB?
• What does the orange color in a standing plasma test indicate?
• Which urinary sediment element is described as a white blood cell cast, often with leukocyte esterase positivity?
• Which urinary sediment element is a waxy cast typically associated with protein positivity?
• Which analyte affected by light exposure is a vitamin A form?
• Fatty casts in urine are most characteristic of which condition?
• Which disorder is associated with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency leading to emphysema?
• An albumin value of 32 g/L corresponds to which interpretation?
• Which hematology-based disorder could be correlated to high serum iron?
• Which finding in urine is most closely associated with Trichomonas vaginitis?
• Which analyte is affected by a centrifugation delay beyond 4 hours?
• Which statement about potassium regulation is true?
• Ketone tests on urine strips use which reagent, and under which conditions can a false positive occur?
• If a patient has remained supine for 8 hours, which analyte would be affected?
• A patient has the following results: LDH 550 U/L; AST 90 U/L; ALT 120 U/L; ALP 400 U/L; AMM 60 umol/L; GGT 92 U/L; CHE 1000 U/L; UREA 2.0 mmol/L; CREA 105 umol/L; sOSMO 200 Osm/kg; Urinalysis: BIL 2+; UROBIL 4 Ehrlich unit; BILIRUBIN: PRESENT; TYROSINE: PRESENT; LEUCINE: PRESENT. What is the suspected diagnosis?
• If a patient is suspected to have Conn's disease, which analyte would be ordered and how would it appear?
• Calcitonin role?
• Which mechanism is used to detect blood on a urine dipstick, and what can falsely elevate the result?
• Turbidimetry versus nephelometry: which statement is true?
• Which hormone from the pituitary stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal cortex in response to stress?
• The systemic increase in acute-phase proteins due to inflammation is called what?
• Which enzyme is elevated in post-hepatic jaundice?
• Given the following laboratory and urinalysis results: K+: 5.5 mmol/L; Ca2+: 3.00 mmol/L; Phosphate: 1.60 mmol/L; Urea: 9.3 mmol/L; Ammonium: 70 µmol/L; Triglycerides: 2.4 mmol/L; Serum osmolality: 340 mOsm/kg; Urine albumin: 140 mg/L; Glucose: POS; Renal tubular epithelial cells: PRESENT; Broad casts: PRESENT; Waxy casts: PRESENT; Hyaline casts: 5-10/hpf. What is the suspected diagnosis?
• Urine findings indicating a urinary tract infection typically include which combination?
• A patient has the following results: ALB: 10 mol/L; AST: 120 U/L; ALT: 100 U/L; CHE: 1500 U/L. What is the suspected diagnosis?
• Na 160 mmol/L, K+ 6.8 mmol/L, Ca 1.5 mmol/L, Fe 4 µmol/L. What happened?
• In a laboratory workflow, what is reflex testing?
• A positive FOB test most strongly suggests the possibility of which condition?
• Which compound is ammonium biurate typically found in alkaline urine?
• Which electrode is used for fluoride (F-) and chloride (Cl-) measurements?
• Wilson's disease is associated with abnormal handling of which metal?
• A patient presents with tendonitis, xanthomas, arcus. What is your first assumption of disease?
• Which electrode is used to measure pCO2?
• Which method is typically used to analyze creatinine (CREA) in laboratory tests?
• Which pattern is most consistent with SIADH?
• For a serum osmolality test, which factors could affect the readings?
• What is the reference range for serum calcium?
• In hyperthyroidism, which of the following changes would you expect in plasma/serum analytes?
• In congestive heart failure, which analyte decreases?
• In a patient with bone pain and recurrent kidney stones, laboratory results show hypercalcemia with increased urinary calcium and phosphate excretion. The likely cause is:
• Which diagnosis best matches the scenario of severe hyperglycemia with dehydration but no ketones?
• In suspected plasma cell dyscrasia, electrophoresis is used to detect which abnormal protein?
• Which item could be detected in urine as a drug and is not a typical sediment element?
• Which electrode is used to measure potassium (K+)?
• Which serum protein electrophoresis pattern is typical of nephrotic syndrome?
• AMY: 70 U/L. What is the likely cause?
• If an add-on LDH test is requested on a cold-stored sample, what should you do?
• Which statement about bilirubin testing is correct and uses diazo reaction and icotest for confirmation?
• In a hyperthyroid patient, which lipid parameter is decreased?
• What is autoverification in a clinical laboratory context?
• If a lipid panel is ordered, what analytes must be analyzed after a 12-hour fast?
• A patient has the following laboratory results: GLU 10.0 mmol/L, AMY 400 U/L, LIP 500 U/L, TRIG 2.1 mmol/L. What is the likely diagnosis?
• A specimen was about to be transferred to an additional tube for testing when the phone rings. The technologist returns and processes the sample 20 minutes later. Some results show CO2 19, iCAL 1.10, PHOS 0.70. Why did so many results delta?
• A patient has ALP 3500 U/L, ACP 5.0 ng/mL, Ca 3.10 mmol/L. What is the likely diagnosis?
• Which tumor marker is most commonly elevated in pancreatic cancer?
• Which substance is described as radiopaque dye associated with high SG urine?
• Glucose measurement may be affected by icodextrin. What kind of error can icodextrin cause in Trinder's glucose oxidase readings?
• Which analyte must be stored at 2-8C?
• A patient has URIC: 670 μmol/L and urinalysis shows Uric Acid: PRESENT. What is the likely diagnosis?
• If a venous blood gas sample is left at room temperature, which changes occur in the analytes?
• A patient presents with fatigue, headaches, blurred vision, and recurrent epistaxis; electrophoresis shows a monoclonal spike of IgM. What is the presumptive diagnosis?
• In metabolic alkalosis, which changes would be observed in the listed analytes?
• A patient had a lipid panel with TCHOL 5.75 mmol/L, HDL 1.30 mmol/L, TRIG 4.00 mmol/L, LDL 3.90 mmol/L. Is this patient at risk?
• What analyte is monitored in treatment of seizures?
• CSF findings: Glucose 4.0 mmol/L, Protein 1.00 g/L, Lactate 2.0 mmol/L. Most likely diagnosis?
• In suspected gout, which analyte would typically be ordered and how would it be affected?
• Which of the following lists correctly reflects the expected plasma/serum changes in a patient with suspected renal failure?
• Which analyte is affected in children according to the material?
• CA-125 is most commonly linked to which cancer?
• Which of the following are stress hormones that oppose insulin and increase blood glucose?
• In evaluating high anion gap metabolic acidosis with low bicarbonate, which overdose should be considered?
• Which of the following lists accurately reflects the expected plasma/serum changes in suspected hypoparathyroidism?
• Which type of urinary cast is associated with renal failure?
• Calcitriol effect on mineral absorption?
• Which diagnosis is most consistent with hsTROP 40 ng/L, CK-MB 15 ug/L, and Myoglobin 120 ug/L?
• A creatinine clearance of 0.32 mL/s corresponds to approximately how many mL/min?
• Which chemical reaction is used on urine dipsticks to detect nitrites?
• What is the osmolality range of serum compared to urine?
• A patient presents with bone pain, weight loss, and laboratory evidence including plasma cells in the bone marrow, elevated calcium, and proteinuria. Which disorder is most likely?
• Partition chromatography separates components primarily based on what property?
• Which substance can cause a false negative BLOOD result on a dipstick?
• Which unit is used for the lipid measurements in the data?
• CHE or CHOLIN ordered for a specimen. Which factor can cause incorrect results?
• Which analyte is affected by hemolysis?
• Which element in urine is used to describe renal tubular cells?
• Which chemistry analyte is associated with sodium citrate in non-serum tubes?
• Anion Gap: 21 mmol/L; URIC: 35 μmol/L; pCO2: 20; pHCO3: 14. What is the likely diagnosis?
• Which element is commonly described as transitional cells in urine findings?
• A patient with TSH 60 mIU/L, FT4 5 pmol/L, FT3 3.0 pmol/L; which diagnosis is most likely?
• Amorphous urates in urine are typically found in which pH and what happens to them when heated?
• Which change is commonly observed in renal failure?
• What analyte is affected by ascorbic acid?
• Which of the following lists reflects the plasma/serum changes seen in suspected primary hyperparathyroidism?
• What does TCHOL stand for?
• Given the following results: sCREA 175 μmol/L; uCREA 3.8 mmol/d; Creatinine Clearance 0.32 mL/s; eGFR 20 mL/min; URIC 500 μmol/L. What is the most likely clinical interpretation?
• Tyrosinemia type I results from deficiency of which enzyme?
• In nephrotic syndrome, which analyte is not increased?
• Which element is renal tubular cells in urine?
• Which statement best describes analytical specificity and sensitivity?
• What is a prostate cancer marker?
• Which statement is true for Addison's disease regarding analyte changes?
• In a patient with muscle cramps and tetany after thyroid surgery, serum calcium is low, phosphate is high, and magnesium is low with decreased urinary calcium and phosphate. The presumptive diagnosis is:
• Which substances can cause a false decrease in Trinder's glucose oxidase readings?
• Alkaptonuria is due to deficiency of which enzyme?
• AMM (NH3) is analyzed by which methods?
• Which element corresponds to transitional cells in urine?
• Which element is described simply as mucous in urine?
• Which of the following sets of analyte changes would be observed in Hodgkin's disease?
• Lead exposure is most commonly associated with which finding?
• Which type of jaundice is characterized by elevated indirect bilirubin with normal direct bilirubin?
• A patient presents with generalized edema, low albumin, high cholesterol, and urinary protein with oval fat bodies and fatty casts. What is the presumptive diagnosis?
• What is a delta check in laboratory testing?
• In compensated respiratory alkalosis, which analyte would be decreased?
• A venous blood gas shows Anion Gap 20 mmol/L, Cl- 112 mmol/L, K+ 5.3 mmol/L, pH 7.18, HCO3- 14 mmol/L, pCO2 28 mmHg. The presumptive diagnosis is:
• Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of a positive nitrite result in urine dipstick testing?
• Calcium oxalate crystals in urine are typically seen in which pH?
• Which antiepileptic drug is monitored by serum level in clinical practice?
• CK ordered for a specimen. Which factors can cause incorrect results?
• A patient has K+: 3.0 mmol/L; URIC: 50 μmol/L; Urinalysis: GLU POS; PROT 2+. What is the likely diagnosis?
• Which of the following best describes the analyte changes for suspected hemolytic anemia?
• Which compound forms calcium phosphate in alkaline urine?
• In suspected coronary heart disease, which serum analyte would be increased?
• Which enzyme deficiency causes maple syrup urine disease?
• Which method is considered the reference method for measuring glucose?
• The results include LDH: 300 U/L; Bilirubin: NEG; Blood: 2+; Urobilinogen: 2 Ehrlich units. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• Bilirubin crystals in urine are most commonly found in which urine pH?
• Which pattern best fits hyperaldosteronism (Conn's disease)?
• Which method is used for the analysis of total protein (TP)?
• Which factors influence the rate of electrophoretic migration of proteins?
• Which analyte can only be run on serum (gold top) tubes?
• An estimated GFR of 20 mL/min indicates which stage of chronic kidney disease?
• Which urine finding is most consistent with nephrotic-range protein loss?
• Which statement about hyperthyroidism is true according to the listed analyte changes?
• Which substance is found in urine under acidic conditions?
• In SIADH, which combination of serum osmolality and urine osmolality is most typical?
• Which element reflects the presence of ova in urine?
• Which of the following is a sulfanomide found in urine?
• A patient with diffuse toxic goiter has TSH 0.1 mIU/L, FT4 30 pmol/L, FT3 10 pmol/L; which diagnosis is most likely?
• Which indicators are used to measure urine pH on dipstick tests, and what interference is common?
• Which element in urine is most likely to indicate sample contamination from the vaginal area?
• In suspected diabetes mellitus, which urine analyte would be increased?
• Which enzyme is most diagnostic for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
• A VBG is ordered with calcium; what collection considerations prevent false analysis?
• What is the effect of hemolysis on ALP measurement?
• Which Westguard rule is listed as indicating a random (precision-based) error?
• Which laboratory marker is most sensitive for indicating alcohol use?
• A patient sample results are as follows: LDH 700 U/L, AST 100 U/L, K+ 8.2, iCAL 1.60, Fe 40, ALT 66, T4 5pmol/L. What do you report?
• How do you calculate the anion gap?
• Beta-gamma bridging on electrophoresis is most associated with which liver condition?
• Which enzyme is most elevated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
• Which substance forms amorphous phosphates in alkaline urine that do not redissolve?
• Copper exposure is most commonly associated with which finding?
• Suspected Cushing's disease would cause which analyte to increase?
• Uric acid crystals in urine are typically seen in which urine pH?
• Which statement about glomerulonephritis is accurate regarding blood analytes?
• If a urine specimen cannot be analyzed promptly, which storage condition is recommended before testing for Ca, Mg, or PHOS?
• Which urinary sediment element refers to renal tubular epithelial cell casts?
• Renal tubular epithelial cells are present in urine with broad and waxy casts. This combination most strongly suggests which process?
• Which electrode is used to measure pH?
• In type I diabetes, what is the recommended treatment and what could happen if untreated?
• A pattern with Na 148, K 2.9, Cl 108, serum osmolality 300; Urine K 60, Cl 20, Na 148, urine osmolality 650. This pattern is most consistent with which condition?
• Which analyte is affected by both ammonia contamination and ascorbic acid interference?
• Which compound is triple phosphate formed in alkaline urine?
• Another patient with FBS 5.1, RBS 6.2, 2h OGTT 7.5. What is this?
• A venous blood gas shows K+ 5.4 mmol/L, pH 7.30, pCO2 60 mmHg, HCO3- 28 mmol/L. The presumptive diagnosis is:
• Bilirubin testing can yield a false negative due to which of the following during dipstick testing?
• Which compound is listed as found in acidic urine?
• Which condition causes a false negative on ketone testing in urine (Sodium Nitroprusside) strips?
• In hypothyroidism, which analyte decreases?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between CPU, RAM, and ROM in a computer used for laboratory information systems?
• A patient with fever and fatigue has hypoalbuminemia (ALB 19 g/L). Which physiological process best explains hypoalbuminemia in acute infection?
• Which profile best describes the analyte changes associated with alcoholism?
• A specimen collected at 09:00 and results delta observed in several analytes. Why did this happen?
• Which preanalytical factor is associated with falsely increased phosphate results?
• Urinalysis shows TYROSINE PRESENT and LEUCINE PRESENT with BILIRUBIN 2+ and UROBILIN 0.2. What condition is most supported by these findings?
• LDH: 400 U/L; Urea: 10.0 mmol/L; Urinalysis: Hyaline casts 5-10/hpf. Which condition best fits these findings?
• Which urinary sediment element is a red blood cell cast?
• Which analyte should be kept on ice and not analyzed at room temperature?
• Presence of yeast in urine with white blood cells most likely indicates what?
• To what pH should urine be acidified for Ca, Mg, PHOS testing?
• For suspected Multiple Sclerosis, which analyte changes would be observed?
• Which finding is most characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis and involves deposition of small, rounded synovial nodules?
• Which Westguard rule indicates a systemic (accuracy-based) error?
• Which two analytes are decreased in suspected Vitamin D deficiency?
• Which analyte is affected by hemolysis and is a common marker of energy metabolism?
• Which substance is described as amorphous phosphates that do not redissolve in alkaline urine?
• Which urinary sediment element is a granular cast typically seen with protein positivity?
• A patient has the following results: AST 90 U/L; GGT 290 U/L; LIP 490 U/L; CREA 130 umol/L; Urinalysis: BIL 1+; UROBIL 0.2 Ehrlich unit. What is the suspected diagnosis?
• A child with chicken pox develops vomiting, confusion, seizures, and coma. Ammonia is elevated. What is suspected?
• In pregnancy, which analyte is commonly used as a pregnancy marker?
• According to the ranges, a random blood glucose value above which level is diagnostic of diabetes?
• In pregnancy, which analyte is increased and used as a pregnancy marker?
• What can cause false changes in urine specific gravity readings on dipstrip testing?
• LDH ordered for a specimen. Which factors can cause incorrect results?
• K+: 3.0 mmol/L; GLU: 9.3 mmol/L; CORT (AM): 990 nmol/L. What is the likely diagnosis?
• In pancreatitis, which enzymes are typically elevated?
• How are CSF tubes distributed for laboratory processing?
• How are TRIG and CHOL analyzed?
• Which specimen collection tube is associated with the potential for erroneous uric acid results due to additives?
• An ED patient with vomiting and diarrhea has a measured osmolality and urinalysis consistent with dehydration. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which pattern on electrophoresis is most commonly seen with cirrhosis?
• A venous blood gas shows K+ 3.2 mmol/L, pH 7.50, pCO2 28 mmHg, HCO3- 21 mmol/L. The presumptive diagnosis is:
• Calcitriol role?
• Which analytes would be ordered for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and what would the expected results be?
• Beta-gamma bridging on electrophoresis is most characteristic of which condition?